Heterostructured CoS₂/SnS₂ encapsulated in sulfur-doped carbon exhibiting high potassium ion storage capacity

Metallic sulfides are currently considered as ideal anode materials for potassium-ion batteries by virtue of their high specific capacities. However, their low intrinsic electronic conductivity, large volume variation and dissolution of polysulfides in electrochemical reactions hinder their further development toward practical applications. Here, we propose an effective structural design strategy by encapsulating CoS₂/SnS₂ in sulfur-doped carbon layers, in which internal voids are created to relieve the strain in the CoS₂/SnS₂ core, while the sulfur-doped carbon layer serves to improve the electron transport and inhibit the dissolution of polysulfides. These features enable the as-designed anode to deliver a high specific capacity (520 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g), a high rate capability (185 mA h g^-1 at 10 A/g) and lifespan (0.016 % capacity loss per cycle up to 1500 cycles). Our comprehensive electrochemical characterization reveals that the heterostructure of CoS₂/SnS₂ not only promotes charge transfer at its interfaces, but also enhances the rate of K⁺ diffusion. Additionally, potassium-ion capacitors based on this novel anode are able to attain an energy density up to 162 Wh kg^-1 and ∼ 96 % capacity retention after 3000 cycles at 10 A/g.The demonstrated design rule combining morphological and structural engineering strategies sheds light on the development of advanced electrodes for high performance potassium-based energy storage devices.