IMPACT OF MOTHER'S HYPOTHYROIDISM ON FETAL DEVELOPMENT AND OUTCOMES: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Reproductive Health
• Maternal-Fetal Medicine

Background:

• The thyroid gland regulates metabolism through hormone production, influencing body heat, energy, weight, and reproductive cycles.
• Pregnancy induces significant physiological changes, including alterations in thyroid hormone regulation.
• Maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy can stem from gestational changes or pre-existing conditions.

Approach:

• This analysis reviews the physiological and pathological factors influencing thyroid function during pregnancy.
• It examines the impact of altered thyroid hormone levels on maternal health and fetal development.
• The role of factors like enhanced thyroid binding globulin and iodine clearance is considered.

Key Points:

• Hypothyroidism in pregnant women can manifest as gestational or pre-existing conditions, impacting fetal growth and development.
• Maternal hypothyroidism is linked to serious risks, including developmental delays and potential birth defects.
• Iodine deficiency and altered hormone dynamics contribute to thyroid irregularities during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

• Maternal thyroid hormone levels are critical for fetal brain, nervous system, and intelligence development.
• Failure to maintain adequate thyroid function during pregnancy can lead to cretinism and cognitive impairments in offspring.
• Gestational hypothyroidism typically resolves postpartum but requires monitoring for potential long-term effects.