Spit Hoods: Reforms to Law and Practice

Area of Science:

• Forensic Medicine
• Public Health
• Law Enforcement Studies

Background:

• Spit hoods are utilized by law enforcement and healthcare professionals to prevent spitting and biting.
• Historically, these devices carry negative connotations, inducing fear and distress in individuals subjected to their use.
• Concerns exist regarding the disproportionate application of spit hoods on ethnic minorities, Indigenous persons, individuals with mental illnesses, and children in custody.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the international use of spit hoods and their association with adverse outcomes.
• To examine high-profile cases, investigative reports, and legal reforms concerning spit hood abuse.
• To advocate for the discontinuation of spit hoods and the adoption of alternative personal protective equipment.

Main Methods:

• Review of international case law and high-profile incidents involving spit hoods.
• Analysis of reports from coroners, ombudsmen, and commissions of inquiry.
• Examination of existing legal frameworks and proposed law reforms related to spit hood usage.

Main Results:

• Spit hood application has been linked to deaths in custody, particularly when used with other restraints.
• Evidence suggests a pattern of problematic use on vulnerable populations, including ethnic minorities and those with mental health conditions.
• International reviews highlight significant concerns regarding the abuse and adverse effects of spit hoods.

Conclusions:

• The use of spit hoods is associated with severe negative consequences, including fatalities.
• There is a compelling need to abandon the use of spit hoods due to their inherent risks and discriminatory application.
• Alternative personal protective equipment should be implemented to ensure the occupational health and safety of custodians and carers without compromising detainee welfare.