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Related Concept Videos

Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

874
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
874
Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle01:25

Correlation between ECG and Cardiac Cycle

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The electrical signals recorded on an electrocardiogram (ECG) occur before the mechanical processes of contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle.
A cardiac action potential originates in the SA node and spreads throughout the atria and the AV node in approximately 0.03 seconds. This results in the P wave in an ECG and triggers atrial contraction. The action potential is then briefly slowed at the AV node, allowing the atria to contract and fill the ventricles with blood before...
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The Ideal Transformer01:26

The Ideal Transformer

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In single-phase two-winding transformers, two windings are coiled around a magnetic core characterized by cross-sectional area A and magnetic permeability μ. A phasor current i1 enters the left winding while i2 exits the right winding, establishing the fundamental working of the transformer through electromagnetic principles.
Ampere's Law forms the basis of understanding the magnetic field within the transformer. It states that the integral of the magnetic field intensity's...
393
Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

152
In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the...
152
Transformers in Distribution System01:27

Transformers in Distribution System

102
Transformers in distribution systems can be broadly categorized into distribution substation transformers and other distribution transformers. They are crucial for stepping down high transmission voltages to levels suitable for distribution and end-user applications.
Distribution substation transformers come in various ratings and typically use mineral oil for insulation and cooling. To prevent moisture and air from entering the oil, some transformers use an inert gas like nitrogen to fill the...
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Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

422
The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing the Study of Brain-Heart Interplay with a Comprehensive EEGLAB Plugin for Multimodal Signal Analysis
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Author Spotlight: Advancing the Study of Brain-Heart Interplay with a Comprehensive EEGLAB Plugin for Multimodal Signal Analysis

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Remote Heart Rate Estimation Based on Transformer with Multi-Skip Connection Decoder: Method and Evaluation in the

Walaa Othman1, Alexey Kashevnik1, Ammar Ali2

  • 1St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), 199178 St. Petersburg, Russia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel transformer-based method for remote heart rate estimation from videos by analyzing facial skin color variations. The approach achieves state-of-the-art accuracy, offering a new tool for non-invasive health monitoring.

Keywords:
machine learningremote heart rate estimationvideo analysisvital signs

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Semi-automated Optical Heartbeat Analysis of Small Hearts
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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Computer Vision
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Remote heart rate monitoring is crucial for health assessment.
  • Existing methods face limitations in accuracy and accessibility.
  • Hectic lifestyles necessitate convenient, non-invasive vital sign monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, accurate, and accessible remote heart rate estimation method.
  • To leverage transformer architecture and biLSTM for enhanced video-based heart rate analysis.
  • To investigate optimal feature extraction and frame selection for improved accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Facial region segmentation using 3DDFA landmarks.
  • Extraction of spatial and global features from video frames.
  • Heart rate estimation using a transformer architecture with a multi-skip connection biLSTM decoder.
  • Analysis of skin color variations linked to blood volume changes.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method achieved state-of-the-art performance on LGI-PPGI and Vision for Vitals datasets.
  • Demonstrated superior accuracy compared to existing remote heart rate estimation techniques.
  • Identified optimal feature extractors and frame counts for enhanced accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • The novel transformer-based method offers a highly accurate solution for remote heart rate estimation.
  • This approach advances non-invasive vital sign monitoring capabilities.
  • The findings pave the way for more accessible and reliable health tracking solutions.