The Relationship Between Early Life Adversity and Academic Competence in Early Childhood

It is well-documented that early life adversity negatively affects children academically and that these impacts magnify as the number of negative life events (NLEs) they experience increases. However, it is unclear whether the types of NLEs children are exposed to differentially relate to their levels of academic competence, a component of educational functioning. The present study addressed this question by assessing the relationships between different types of early life adversity and academic competence in 4- to 6-year-olds (N = 111) using secondary data analyses of parent reports in which respondents indicated children's levels of academic competence and exposure to NLEs. The results showed that family turmoil (b = -2.31, 95% CI [-4.05, -0.57], p = .01, f² = .07), poverty (b = -2.92, 95% CI [-4.31, -1.53], p < .001, f² = .16), and violence (b = -3.43, 95% CI [-5.14, -1.73], p < .001, f² = .15) negatively predicted academic competence, whereas family separation and death/illness did not relate to academic competence. Additionally, poverty negatively predicted academic competence above and beyond family turmoil and violence (b = -2.36, 95% CI [-0.49, 0.72], p = .03, f² = .04). These findings demonstrate that some, but not all, types of NLEs negatively predict preschoolers' academic competence, illustrating the differential relationship between different types of early life adversity and academic performance. Moreover, these findings reveal the deleterious impacts of certain types of NLEs on children's academics prior to beginning formal education, suggesting the importance of early intervention targeting family turmoil, poverty, and violence from a young age.