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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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All-optical spin valve effect in nonlinear optics.

Shani Izhak, Aviv Karnieli, Ofir Yesharim

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    Researchers developed novel all-optical spin-valve and spin-dependent beam splitter devices. These spintronics-inspired nonlinear optical devices offer new possibilities for optical information processing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics
    • Spintronics
    • Quantum Information

    Background:

    • Electron spin-based information encoding has been explored for over 30 years.
    • Nonlinear electro-optic devices have inspired previous spintronic approaches.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and theoretically investigate novel nonlinear optical devices inspired by spintronics.
    • To introduce an all-optical spin-valve and a spin-dependent beam splitter.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical proposal of optical devices utilizing sum-frequency generation in a 2D nonlinear photonic crystal.
    • Analysis of optical pseudospin as a superposition of signal and idler beams.
    • Investigation of device properties controlled by a pump beam.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstration of an all-optical spin-valve and a spin-dependent beam splitter.
    • Characterization of transmission angle and splitting ratio controlled optically.
    • Validation of spintronics principles in nonlinear optical systems.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed devices offer a complementary approach to electron spin-based information encoding.
    • These findings open new pathways for classical and quantum optical information processing.
    • Exploration of frequency-domain optical information processing.