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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators
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Quantum Phase Transitions in Optomechanical Systems.

Bo Wang1, Franco Nori2,3,4, Ze-Liang Xiang1

  • 1School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.

Physical Review Letters
|February 16, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores quantum phase transitions (QPTs) in optomechanical systems. Researchers found that manipulating squeezed fields and coupling atoms can induce and control these transitions, offering new avenues for exploring critical phenomena.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum physics
  • Optomechanics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Optomechanical systems couple light and mechanical motion.
  • Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) represent fundamental changes in quantum states.
  • Understanding ground state properties is crucial for quantum technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate ground state properties of coupled cavity and mechanical modes.
  • Explore quantum phase transitions (QPTs) in optomechanical systems.
  • Analyze the role of squeezed fields and atom coupling in QPTs.

Main Methods:

  • Exact solution for cavity and mechanical frequencies ratio tending to infinity.
  • Analysis of symmetry breaking (continuous, discrete, U(1), Z2).
  • Investigation of squeezed vacuum states in cavity and mechanical modes.
  • Coupling atoms to the cavity mode to form a hybrid system.

Main Results:

  • Identified coherent photon occupation in the ground state via symmetry breaking.
  • Observed equilibrium quantum phase transitions (QPTs).
  • Discovered mutually or unidirectionally dependent relations between squeezed cavity and mechanical modes.
  • Demonstrated modification of Z2-broken phase regions and reduced coupling strength for QPTs using squeezed fields.
  • Showcased hybrid systems undergoing QPTs at hybrid critical points.

Conclusions:

  • Optomechanical systems exhibit rich ground state properties and QPTs.
  • Squeezed fields offer control over QPTs in these systems.
  • Hybrid optomechanical-atom systems provide a platform for exploring novel critical phenomena.