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    This study introduces a novel 3D gradient index beam-steering lens with wide-angle capabilities. The low-cost dielectric lens, fabricated using fused filament fabrication, offers efficient beam steering for diverse applications.

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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetics and Optics
    • Materials Science and Engineering
    • Antenna and Microwave Engineering

    Background:

    • Beam-steering lenses are crucial for advanced communication and sensing systems.
    • Existing designs often face limitations in terms of steering range, cost, or complexity.
    • Gradient index (GRIN) optics offers a promising avenue for novel lens functionalities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and validate a broadband, 3D gradient index beam-steering lens.
    • To explore the application of fused filament fabrication for realizing complex dielectric structures.
    • To demonstrate a low-cost, wide-angle passive beam-steering solution.

    Main Methods:

    • Optimization of a partial Maxwell fisheye (PMFE) design for 3D gradient index properties.
    • Utilizing a novel polar space-filling curve (PSFC) for precise control of effective permittivity distribution.
    • Fabrication via fused filament fabrication (FFF) and experimental validation of performance.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a boresight gain of 23 dBi.
    • Demonstrated beam steering from -80° to 80°.
    • Observed less than 10 dB gain roll-off across the steering range.

    Conclusions:

    • The study presents the first known 3D implementation of a PMFE-type lens.
    • The developed lens offers a feasible and cost-effective solution for wide-angle passive beam steering.
    • The design has potential for diverse applications in areas requiring agile beam control.