A grayscale compression method to segment bone structures for 2D-3D registration of setup images in non-coplanar...

Purpose. To evaluate the performance of an automated 2D-3D bone registration algorithm incorporating a grayscale compression method for quantifying patient position errors in non-coplanar radiotherapy.Methods. An automated 2D-3D registration incorporating a grayscale compression method to segment bone structures was proposed. Portal images containing only bone structures (Portalbone) and digitally reconstructed radiographs containing only bone structures (DRRbone) were used for registration. First, the portal image was filtered by a high-pass finite impulse response (FIR) filter. Then the grayscale range of the filtered portal image was compressed. Thresholds were determined based on the difference in gray values of bone structures in the filtered and compressed portal image to obtainPortalbone.Another threshold was applied to generateDRRbonewhen the CT image uses the ray-casting algorithm to generate DRR images. The compression performance was assessed by registering theDRRbonewith thePortalboneobtained by compressing the portal image into various grayscale ranges. The proposed registration method was quantitatively and visually validated using (1) a CT image of an anthropomorphic head phantom and its portal images obtained in different poses and (2) CT images and pre-treatment portal images of 20 patients treated with non-coplanar radiotherapy.Results. Mean absolute registration errors for the best compression grayscale range test were 0.642 mm, 0.574 mm, and 0.643 mm, with calculation times of 50.6 min, 42.2 min, and 49.6 min for grayscale ranges of 0-127, 0-63 and 0-31, respectively. For the accuracy validation (1), the mean absolute registration errors for couch angles 0°, 45°, 90°, 270°, and 315° were 0.694 mm, 0.839 mm, 0.726 mm, 0.833 mm, and 0.873 mm, respectively. Among the six transformation parameters, the translation error in the vertical direction contributed the most to the registration errors. Visual inspection of the patient registration results revealed success in every instance.Conclusions. The implemented grayscale compression method successfully enhances and segments bone structures in portal images, allowing for accurate determination of patient setup errors in non-coplanar radiotherapy.