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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

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E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin.

Hongbian Li¹, Philip Tan², Yifan Rao¹

¹Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.

Chemical Reviews

|March 11, 2024

Summary

Electronic tattoos (e-tattoos) offer a comfortable, skin-conformable solution for wearable electronics. This review explores their materials, functionalities, and applications in health monitoring and human-machine interfaces.

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Fabrication and Characterization of a Conformal Skin-like Electronic System for Quantitative, Cutaneous Wound Management

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Area of Science:

Materials Science and Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Wearable Technology

Background:

Human physiological and psychological data can be continuously monitored noninvasively.
Current wearable electronics face mechanical incompatibility with skin, limiting comfort and functionality.
Electronic tattoos (e-tattoos) present an alternative with ultrathin, skin-soft characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive review of e-tattoo technology.
To explore materials, structures, manufacturing, properties, and functionalities of e-tattoos.
To discuss applications in telemedicine, mobile health, and human-machine interactions.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on e-tattoos and skin-electronics interfaces.
Analysis of material properties, structural designs, and manufacturing processes.
Classification of e-tattoo functionalities based on sensing and therapeutic capabilities.

Main Results:

E-tattoos enable noninvasive, comfortable integration with skin surfaces.
Functionalities include electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing.
E-tattoos also offer potential for wound healing and other therapeutic applications.

Conclusions:

E-tattoos represent a promising advancement in wearable electronics for diverse applications.
Further research is needed to address remaining challenges in energy harvesting, storage, and system integration.
Future opportunities lie in enhancing e-tattoo capabilities for seamless human-device interaction.