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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Lessons Learnt from Monitoring the Etna Volcano Using an IoT Sensor Network through a Period of Intense Eruptive

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Deploying Internet of Things (IoT) sensors on Mount Etna revealed that while sensors are vulnerable to volcanic hazards, strategically placed, protected gateways ensure continuous data collection, enabling future research. This highlights a resilient IoT strategy for active volcanoes.

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Area of Science:

  • * Volcanology
  • * Geophysics
  • * Environmental Monitoring
  • * Internet of Things (IoT)

Background:

  • * Continuous monitoring of active volcanoes is crucial for understanding eruptive processes and mitigating hazards.
  • * Previous deployments on Mount Etna faced challenges due to extreme environmental conditions and volcanic activity.
  • * The 2021 eruption provided a unique test case for the resilience of monitoring infrastructure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To evaluate the successes and failures of an Internet of Things (IoT) sensor network deployed on Mount Etna over four years.
  • * To assess the impact of intense volcanic activity and harsh winter conditions on sensor and gateway performance.
  • * To determine optimal strategies for long-term IoT deployment on high-risk, active volcanoes.

Main Methods:

  • * Deployment of a network of sensors, communicating nodes, and gateways on Mount Etna starting in 2019.
  • * Continuous data collection, including during a period of significant eruptive activity in 2021.
  • * Post-event assessment of infrastructure survival and operational status, followed by a new campaign in 2023.

Main Results:

  • * Most sensors deployed on the volcanic edifice were destroyed by winter conditions and volcanic activity.
  • * The gateway infrastructure, installed at medium altitudes and protected locations, remained fully operational.
  • * Data collection from summit craters was achieved via the resilient gateway network.
  • Successful data retrieval enabled a new field campaign two years after the intense eruptive period.

Conclusions:

  • * Permanent installation of gateways in protected areas (e.g., at the volcano's foot) is essential for reliable data flow.
  • * Temporary deployment of sensors and nodes during favorable conditions (field trips, summer) maximizes data acquisition.
  • * This hybrid strategy balances resilience and data coverage for effective monitoring of active volcanoes like Etna.