Linking mass measured by the quartz crystal microbalance to the SI

Despite ubiquitous implementation of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) for measuring thin film thickness throughout industry and academia, a direct link to the SI (International System of Units) does not exist. Confidence in QCM measurements relies on over a half-a-century of academic and industrial research used to understand the resonant frequency change due to loading mass onto a quartz crystal. Here, we use before and after gravimetric mass measurements, linked directly to the SI, to measure mass change. A custom vacuum metal deposition system is used to deposit gold films of various masses onto a series of quartz crystals while the mass dependent frequency change is monitored in real time. The gravimetric (known) mass changes are compared to three analytical methods (frequency, time and energy) used to convert resonant frequency shifts to mass changes, none of which rely on the material properties of the deposited material. Additionally, we evaluate the reversible and irreversible contributions to mass change from the loading into, and removal from, the vacuum environment. We find the "energy-based" method for frequency to mass conversion has the best accuracy over the longest range, at 0.36 % to > 1 mg. Only for mass changes below 100 microg are deviations > 2 % observed. A complete uncertainty budget is provided.