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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

431
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
823

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Paraneoplastic/autoimmune myelopathies.

Mayra Montalvo1, Eoin P Flanagan2

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|March 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Paraneoplastic myelopathies are rare neurological disorders associated with cancer, often presenting with progressive spinal cord symptoms. Early diagnosis and treatment, including immunotherapy, are crucial but prognosis remains poor.

Keywords:
AntibodiesMyelitisMyelopathyParaneoplastic

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Paraneoplastic myelopathies are rare neurological disorders affecting the spinal cord, often presenting insidiously or subacutely.
  • Risk factors include tobacco use and a family history of cancer, with common neural antibodies like amphiphysin and CRMP5/anti-CV2.
  • Lung and breast cancers are the most frequent oncologic associations.

Approach:

  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis typically reveals lymphocytic pleocytosis with elevated protein.
  • Spinal MRI may show tract-specific, longitudinally extensive T2 hyperintensities with enhancement, though normal MRIs can occur.
  • Differential diagnosis includes nutritional deficiencies and other autoimmune/inflammatory conditions like multiple sclerosis or sarcoidosis.

Key Points:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myelitis can be considered within the spectrum of paraneoplastic myelopathies.
  • Management involves addressing the underlying cancer and employing immunotherapy.
  • Despite treatment, the prognosis is generally poor, with most patients becoming wheelchair-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • Paraneoplastic myelopathies represent a significant neurological complication of cancer requiring multidisciplinary management.
  • Understanding associated antibodies and imaging findings aids diagnosis.
  • Further research into more effective treatments is warranted to improve patient outcomes.