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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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External handheld loads affect scapular elevation and upward rotation during shoulder elevation tasks.

Alan Eldridge1, Everett Lohman1, Skulpan Asavasopon2

  • 1Physical Therapy Department, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, US.

International Biomechanics
|March 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Adding external handheld loads during shoulder elevation slightly increases scapular elevation and upward rotation in healthy individuals. These findings establish normal values for comparison with those experiencing shoulder pain.

Keywords:
BiomechanicsScapulaexternal loadkinematicsrehabilitationshoulder

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Altered scapular kinematics frequently correlates with shoulder pain.
  • Resistance exercise is a common intervention, yet its impact on scapular motion with external loads is not well-documented.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of incrementally increased external handheld loads on scapular kinematics during shoulder elevation in healthy adults.
  • To establish normative data for scapular kinematics under varying load conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Fifty healthy participants performed shoulder elevation in the scapular plane under four conditions: no load (control) and three incrementally increased external handheld loads.
  • Three-dimensional motion capture technology was used to measure scapular rotations and translations during the ascent and descent phases of the movement.

Main Results:

  • The highest external load significantly increased scapular elevation during both ascent (mean difference = 3.2°, p = 0.006) and descent (mean difference = 3.9°, p < 0.001) compared to no load.
  • A significant increase in scapular upward rotation was observed during descent with the highest load (mean difference = 4.5°, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • External handheld loads lead to minor increases in scapular elevation and upward rotation in healthy individuals.
  • The established normative values can serve as a benchmark for assessing individuals with shoulder pain and altered scapular function.