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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Child Psychology

Background:

  • Executive functioning (EF) is crucial for academic achievement and well-being.
  • Previous research explored individual factors influencing EF but often overlooked combined risk.
  • A holistic view of risk factor constellations is needed to understand EF variations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify distinct subgroups based on combinations of risk factors in children.
  • To examine how these risk factor profiles relate to executive functioning abilities.
  • To inform more comprehensive interventions for improving children's EF.

Main Methods:

  • Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to categorize risk factor combinations.
  • A large sample of 9- to 10-year-old children from the United States (N=10,323) was analyzed.
  • Executive functioning abilities were assessed in relation to identified risk profiles.

Main Results:

  • Six distinct risk factor profiles emerged among the children.
  • These profiles significantly predicted varying levels of executive functioning.
  • Family socioeconomic status was a notable factor associated with EF differences within a subgroup.

Conclusions:

  • Children's executive functioning is influenced by complex interactions of multiple risk factors.
  • Distinct risk profiles offer a more nuanced understanding of individual differences in EF.
  • Interventions should adopt a holistic approach, considering the interplay of various risks for effective EF development.