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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Overview of Exosomes01:36

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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

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Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

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Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2025

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from Cell-conditioned Media
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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from Cell-conditioned Media

Published on: February 12, 2019

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Extracellular vesicles in heart failure.

Alexander E Berezin1, Alexander A Berezin2

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

Advances in Clinical Chemistry
|March 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are vital in physiological processes and heart failure (HF) pathogenesis. This review covers EV roles, detection, and challenges for biomarker use in HF.

Keywords:
Cardiac remodelingDiagnostic valueExtracellular vesiclesHeart failureHeart failure with mildly reduced ejection fractionHeart failure with preserved ejection fractionHeart failure with reduced ejection fractionPredictive value

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Evaluation of the Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles
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Evaluation of the Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key mediators in physiological functions including immune response, homeostasis, and tissue repair.
  • In heart failure (HF), EVs influence cardiac remodeling, inflammation, fibrosis, and organ interactions.
  • Understanding EV roles is crucial for advancing cardiovascular medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in physiology and heart failure (HF).
  • To review the nomenclature, isolation, and detection methods for EVs.
  • To discuss the challenges and potential of EVs as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in HF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on EVs in cardiovascular contexts.
  • Analysis of EV functions in normal physiology and HF pathogenesis.
  • Discussion of current technological and clinical hurdles for EV biomarker application.

Main Results:

  • EVs play multifaceted roles in cardiovascular homeostasis and HF progression.
  • Standardized methods for EV isolation and detection are still evolving.
  • Significant challenges remain in translating EV research into clinical HF diagnostics.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles are critical players in heart failure pathophysiology.
  • Further research is needed to standardize EV detection and validate their use as biomarkers.
  • EVs hold promise for future diagnostic and predictive applications in heart failure management.