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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Single-Molecule Diffusion and Assembly on Polymer-Crowded Lipid Membranes
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Attractive crowding effect on passive and active polymer looping kinetics.

Ran Yan1, Chaonan Zhao1, Nanrong Zhao1

  • 1College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|April 3, 2024
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Attractive crowding influences polymer looping. Small crowder amounts compact polymers, speeding up looping, while large amounts inhibit it. Active polymers show complex looping behavior depending on their state.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Physics
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Loop formation is vital for biological processes.
  • Understanding polymer behavior in crowded environments is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate passive and active polymer looping kinetics in attractive crowded media.
  • Analyze the impact of crowder concentration and polymer activity on conformational changes and looping times.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional Langevin dynamics simulations.
  • Analysis of polymer gyration radius and Flory scaling exponent.
  • Examination of looping time as a function of crowder volume fraction.

Main Results:

  • Polymers exhibit a coil-globule-coil transition with attractive crowding.
  • Looping time shows non-monotonic dependence on crowder concentration.
  • Attractive crowding can inhibit looping in active polymers by hindering unfolding from compact states.

Conclusions:

  • Attractive crowding significantly alters polymer structure and dynamics, unlike repulsive crowding.
  • The interplay between attractive interactions, polymer conformation, and activity dictates looping kinetics.
  • Findings provide insights into the role of attractive forces in biological polymer behavior.