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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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What is Glycolysis?00:56

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Cells make energy by breaking down macromolecules. Cellular respiration is the biochemical process that converts "food energy" (from the chemical bonds of macromolecules) into chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The first step of this tightly regulated and intricate process is glycolysis. The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). Glycolysis serves two main intracellular functions: generating ATP and generating...
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Glycolysis: Preparatory Phase01:21

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In cellular metabolism (the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy),  glycolysis is the first step. Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Glucose enters heterotrophic cells in two ways. One method is through secondary active transport, where the transport takes place against the glucose concentration gradient. The other mechanism uses a group of integral proteins called GLUT proteins, also known as glucose transporter proteins. These...
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cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

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Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
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Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Glucose Uptake Measurement and Response to Insulin Stimulation in In Vitro Cultured Human Primary Myotubes
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Engineering a Pathway to Glucose-Responsive Therapeutics.

Matthew J Webber1

  • 1University of Notre Dame, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA.

Diabetes
|April 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The American Diabetes Association

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Diabetes Therapeutics
  • Medical Device Development

Background:

  • The American Diabetes Association (ADA) established the Pathway to Stop Diabetes® Program in 2014.
  • This program offers funding for diverse diabetes research, covering understanding, management, and treatment.
  • The author is a recipient of the 2019 Pathway Accelerator award.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a personal perspective on a diabetes research program.
  • To highlight a materials-centered approach for engineering glucose-responsive devices.
  • To discuss advancements in therapeutic delivery tools for improved diabetes treatment outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • The research focuses on materials science for diabetes care.
  • Development of novel glucose-responsive materials and delivery systems.
  • Personal reflection on the impact of ADA Pathway Program funding.

Main Results:

  • The research aims to engineer advanced glucose-responsive devices.
  • New therapeutic delivery tools are being developed for diabetes management.
  • The ADA Pathway Program has provided significant support for five years.

Conclusions:

  • A materials-centered approach shows promise for diabetes therapeutics.
  • Innovative devices and delivery tools can enhance treatment outcomes.
  • The ADA Pathway Program effectively supports critical diabetes research.