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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging
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Published on: December 4, 2020

Engineering the fourth dimension of cell-instructive hydrogels through dynamic bonding.

Ruiqing Xiao1, Matthew J Webber1

  • 1University of Notre Dame, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.

Journal of Controlled Release : Official Journal of the Controlled Release Society
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Mechanoresponsive Hydrogels Emerging from Dynamic and Non-Covalent Interactions.

Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)·2025

Synthetic dynamic hydrogels mimic native tissue remodeling by incorporating programmable stress relaxation. This allows for advanced mechanobiology studies and biomaterials for regenerative medicine.

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Mechanobiology
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Native tissues exhibit dynamic remodeling via viscoelasticity and timedependent processes, influencing cell behavior.
  • Conventional synthetic biomaterials (hydrogels) are often static, lacking intrinsic time-dependent mechanical properties.
  • Cells are sensitive to the mechanical cues of the extracellular matrix (ECM), including its time-dependent characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review chemical strategies for creating synthetic hydrogels with tunable time-dependent mechanical properties.
  • To highlight the application of these dynamic hydrogels in mechanobiology research.
  • To discuss methods for characterizing the viscoelastic properties of dynamic hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Survey of chemical approaches including ionic, dynamic-covalent, supramolecular (host-guest, peptide-based), protein association, and DNA-crosslinked networks.
Keywords:
Dynamic-covalent chemistryMechanotransductionStress relaxationSupramolecular biomaterialsViscoelasticity

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  • Utilizing rheological and biophysical techniques to quantify viscoelasticity, stress relaxation, and recovery.
  • Developing dynamic hydrogel platforms to decouple stiffness from relaxation timescales.

    • Main Results:

    • Recent advances enable synthetic hydrogels with programmable stress relaxation, yielding, and self-healing.
    • Dynamic hydrogels allow mechanobiology studies to investigate cell responses (spreading, proliferation, migration, differentiation) independent of static stiffness.
    • Established methods for characterizing time-dependent mechanical properties of biomaterials.

    Conclusions:

    • Dynamic hydrogels offer a versatile synthetic ECM platform by integrating molecular design with cell-instructive mechanics.
    • These materials are crucial for advanced 3D cell culture, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling.
    • Capturing the time-dependent nature of the ECM is essential for creating biomimetic synthetic materials.