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Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short...
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Distributed Temperature Sensing through Network Analysis Frequency-Domain Reflectometry.

Rizwan Zahoor1, Raffaele Vallifuoco1, Luigi Zeni1

  • 1Department of Engineering, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Roma 29, 81031 Aversa, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

We developed a network analysis optical frequency domain reflectometer (NA-OFDR) for precise distributed temperature sensing. This new method achieves high spatial and temperature resolution without needing a tunable laser.

Keywords:
distributed temperature sensingoptical frequency-domain reflectometryrayleigh scattering

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Engineering
  • Sensing Technology
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Distributed temperature sensing (DTS) is crucial for monitoring infrastructure and environments.
  • Conventional optical-frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) faces limitations due to tunable laser requirements, affecting coherence and sweep linearity.
  • High-resolution temperature measurements are essential in various scientific and industrial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and demonstrate a novel network analysis optical frequency domain reflectometer (NA-OFDR) for enhanced distributed temperature measurements.
  • To achieve high spatial resolution (down to ≈3 cm) and high temperature resolution (≈50 mK).
  • To overcome the limitations of conventional OFDR by eliminating the need for a tunable laser.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a frequency-stepped, continuous-wave (cw) laser.
  • Employing a vector network analyzer for light modulation and demodulation of the Rayleigh backscattered signal.
  • Coherent mixing of Rayleigh backscattered light with a local oscillator.
  • Analyzing two configurations: double-sideband and single-sideband modulated probe light.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated distributed temperature measurements with high spatial resolution (≈3 cm).
  • Achieved high temperature resolution (≈50 mK) attributed to the sensitivity of coherent Rayleigh scattering.
  • Validated the NA-OFDR approach through numerical simulations and experimental testing.
  • Confirmed the system's robustness against laser coherence and sweep nonlinearity issues.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed network analysis optical frequency domain reflectometer (NA-OFDR) offers a promising alternative for high-resolution distributed temperature sensing.
  • The system's design overcomes key limitations of traditional OFDR, enhancing reliability and performance.
  • NA-OFDR provides a versatile platform for precise temperature monitoring in demanding environments.