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Related Concept Videos

Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

107
When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
107
Microcracking in Concrete01:20

Microcracking in Concrete

117
Microcracking in concrete refers to the tiny cracks that can form within the material even before any external load is applied. These microcracks typically occur at the interface between the coarse aggregate and the hydrated cement paste, often as a result of differential volume changes prompted by variations in stress-strain behavior, as well as thermal and moisture movement. Initially, these microcracks remain stable and do not grow substantially until the concrete is stressed to about 30...
117
Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete01:28

Types of Non-structural Cracks in Concrete

152
Non-structural cracks are primarily of three types: plastic, early-age thermal, and drying shrinkage cracks. Plastic cracks are further classified into plastic shrinkage cracks and plastic settlement cracks.
Plastic shrinkage cracks typically form within hours after the concrete is poured. The concrete's surface dries faster than the bottom, creating tensile stress that the still-plastic concrete cannot withstand, leading to diagonal or randomly patterned cracks on the concrete surface.
152
Permeability of Concrete01:25

Permeability of Concrete

142
Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...
142
Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

220
Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks,...
220
Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

94
Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
94

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
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Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

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Experimental Study on Water-Plugging Performance of Grouted Concrete Crack.

Lianzhen Zhang1, Changxin Huang2, Zhipeng Li3

  • 1College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Epoxy resin demonstrated superior performance in sealing concrete cracks compared to polyurethane and cement-based grouts. Optimal grouting pressure and material properties significantly influence water-plugging effectiveness.

Keywords:
geotechnical engineeringgrouted concrete crackgrouting materialmicrostructurewater plugging capacity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering

Background:

  • Concrete structures are susceptible to cracking, leading to water leakage issues.
  • Effective crack grouting is crucial for maintaining structural integrity and preventing water damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare the water-plugging performance of four different grouting materials: ordinary Portland cement, ultrafine cement, polyurethane, and epoxy resin.
  • To investigate the influence of crack parameters, grout properties, and grouting pressure on the effectiveness of crack sealing.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of grouted concrete crack samples through simulation tests.
  • Impermeability tests to assess water-plugging performance.
  • Microstructural analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Computed Tomography (CT).

Main Results:

  • Impermeability ranking: Epoxy resin > polyurethane > ultrafine cement > ordinary Portland cement.
  • Epoxy resin exhibited the highest plugging failure water pressure and lowest permeability, making it the optimal choice.
  • Grouting effectiveness increased with pressure up to a threshold (1 MPa for cement, 2 MPa for chemical grouts).
  • Cement-based grouts performed best at a water-cement ratio of 0.8.
  • Crack aperture and roughness affected cement and polyurethane grouts, but not epoxy resin.

Conclusions:

  • Epoxy resin is the most effective grouting material for concrete crack water-plugging.
  • Grouting pressure, material type, and crack characteristics are critical factors influencing sealing performance.
  • Understanding microstructural behavior aids in explaining the macroscopic performance differences between grouting materials.