Bi-Solitons on the Surface of a Deep Fluid: An Inverse Scattering Transform Perspective Based on Perturbation Theory

We investigate theoretically and numerically the dynamics of long-living oscillating coherent structures-bi-solitons-in the exact and approximate models for waves on the free surface of deep water. We generate numerically the bi-solitons of the approximate Dyachenko-Zakharov equation and fully nonlinear equations propagating without significant loss of energy for hundreds of the structure oscillation periods, which is hundreds of thousands of characteristic periods of the surface waves. To elucidate the long-living bi-soliton complex nature we apply an analytical-numerical approach based on the perturbation theory and the inverse scattering transform (IST) for the one-dimensional focusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation model. We observe a periodic energy and momentum exchange between solitons and continuous spectrum radiation resulting in repetitive oscillations of the coherent structure. We find that soliton eigenvalues oscillate on stable trajectories experiencing a slight drift on a scale of hundreds of the structure oscillation periods so that the eigenvalue dynamics is in good agreement with predictions of the IST perturbation theory. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that the IST perturbation theory justifies the existence of the long-living bi-solitons on the surface of deep water that emerge as a result of a balance between their dominant solitonic part and a portion of continuous spectrum radiation.