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Warmer waters decrease fish consumption efficiency as flexible foraging leads them to select less nutritious prey, reducing species coexistence and biodiversity in marine ecosystems.

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Area of Science:

  • Marine ecology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Climate change impacts

Background:

  • Rising global temperatures increase energetic demands on species, potentially reducing coexistence.
  • Optimal foraging theory suggests predators can adapt by targeting specific prey to maximize energy intake.
  • Flexible foraging behavior in fish may mitigate negative impacts of warming on biodiversity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how fish foraging behavior changes with temperature and prey availability.
  • To assess the impact of flexible foraging on consumption efficiency and species coexistence.
  • To integrate behavioral responses into food web models to predict biodiversity under climate change.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 2,487 stomach contents from six fish species over 12 years in Kiel Bay.
  • Comparison of foraging strategies across environments with varying prey availability and temperatures.
  • Integration of empirical data into dynamic food web models.

Main Results:

  • Fish foraging shifted from trait- to density-dependent prey selection in warmer, more productive environments.
  • Consumption efficiency decreased at higher temperatures due to selection of less energetically rewarding prey.
  • Flexible foraging behavior, when integrated into models, reduced predicted species coexistence and biodiversity.

Conclusions:

  • Flexible foraging in fish does not fully compensate for increased energetic demands under warming conditions.
  • Behavioral plasticity can paradoxically undermine species persistence and biodiversity in warming ecosystems.
  • Dynamic food web models incorporating behavioral changes are crucial for understanding climate change impacts on biodiversity.