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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents01:18

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Antimicrobials as Antidiarrheal Agents

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Acute diarrhea, a common gastrointestinal disturbance, is characterized by the rapid evacuation of fluid stools, leading to an excessive weight in fluid. This condition typically arises from disorders affecting intestinal water and electrolyte transport. It can be triggered by an increased osmotic load within the intestine, excessive secretion of electrolytes and water, mucosal exudation of protein and fluid, or altered intestinal motility. The primary risks of acute diarrhea are dehydration...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Updated: Jun 28, 2025

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
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[Acute diarrhea associated viruses : An update].

H Peigue-Lafeuille1

  • 1Service de Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, Place Henri Dunant, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand cedex, France.

Medecine Et Maladies Infectieuses
|April 15, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diagnosing viral diarrhea involves identifying cultivable and non-cultivable viruses in stool samples. Electron microscopy and immunoassays aid in detecting common and outbreak-causing viral agents.

Keywords:
Acute diarrheaDirect diagnosticElectron microscopyVirus

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Diagnostic Microbiology

Context:

  • Viral gastroenteritis is a significant cause of diarrhea, particularly in children.
  • Identifying causative viral agents is crucial for understanding disease transmission and implementing control measures.
  • Both cultivable and non-cultivable viruses are implicated in diarrheal diseases, with varying epidemiological patterns.

Purpose:

  • To review diagnostic methods for viral pathogens in stool samples.
  • To differentiate between viruses causing endemic spread versus outbreaks.
  • To assess the utility and limitations of various diagnostic techniques.

Summary:

  • Stool samples can harbor cultivable viruses (e.g., enteroviruses) and non-cultivable viruses (e.g., rotaviruses, adenoviruses 40/41, Norovirus).
  • Non-cultivable viruses like Norovirus, calicivirus, and astrovirus are frequently associated with diarrhea and outbreaks.
  • Diagnostic approaches include electron microscopy (EM) for recognizable viruses, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for rotavirus epidemiology, and immunoassays (latex agglutination, ELISA) for specific viruses.
  • EM is essential for outbreak investigations, while commercial kits offer alternatives for rotavirus and adenovirus detection in individual cases.
  • Challenges include diagnosing small spherical viruses and accounting for co-infections or synergistic viral activity.

Impact:

  • Accurate viral diagnosis facilitates effective outbreak management and public health interventions.
  • Understanding viral epidemiology aids in predicting disease spread and resource allocation.
  • Improved diagnostic tools can enhance the detection of emerging or variant viral strains.