Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

6.5K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
6.5K
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

3.0K
Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
3.0K
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

1.4K
The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
1.4K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

347
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
347
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

3.4K
Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
3.4K
Signs of Puberty01:27

Signs of Puberty

337
Puberty is a critical phase, typically beginning between the ages of 8 and 13 in girls and 9 and 14 in boys, though timing can vary based on genetics, environmental factors, and overall health. This period is characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the attainment of reproductive potential. Endocrine changes underpin puberty, with hormonal surges of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) instigated by Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)...
337

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Methamphetamine-Associated Corneal Ulcer: Case Report.

Reports (MDPI)·2025
Same author

The Effects of Sex, Oral Contraception, and Menstrual Cycle Phase on Intraocular Pressure, Central Corneal Thickness, and Foveal Thickness: A Descriptive Analysis.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
Same author

Effects of Oral Antihistamines on Tear Volume, Tear Stability, and Intraocular Pressure.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2020
Same author

Is the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect More Robust in Women?

Perception·2020
Same author

The Dominant Eye: Dominant for Parvo- But Not for Magno-Biased Stimuli?

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2020
Same author

Pearls of Elschnig.

Journal of ophthalmic & vision research·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity
07:32

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Published on: February 10, 2016

9.4K

Sex Hormones Influence the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect.

Brian K Foutch1

  • 1University of the Incarnate Word, Rosenberg School of Optometry, San Antonio, TX, USA.

Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research
|April 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Hormonal fluctuations in the menstrual cycle affect how women perceive light brightness, influencing the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect differently than oral contraceptives. These findings highlight the need to consider hormonal status in visual perception research.

Keywords:
ContraceptionHelmholtz–Kohlrausch EffectHormonesLuminanceMenstrual CycleSaturationBrightness

More Related Videos

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
10:44

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Published on: December 9, 2013

12.0K
Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

728

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2025

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity
07:32

Use of Galvanic Skin Responses, Salivary Biomarkers, and Self-reports to Assess Undergraduate Student Performance During a Laboratory Exam Activity

Published on: February 10, 2016

9.4K
Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways
10:44

Sex Stratified Neuronal Cultures to Study Ischemic Cell Death Pathways

Published on: December 9, 2013

12.0K
Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
06:27

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies

Published on: January 10, 2025

728

Area of Science:

  • Visual perception
  • Human physiology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • The Helmholtz-Kohlrausch (H-K) effect describes how saturated lights appear brighter than white lights of equal luminance.
  • Existing models of the H-K effect show differences between sexes and greater variability in women, potentially linked to menstrual cycle (MC) hormonal changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle influence the H-K effect in women.
  • To compare visual perception in naturally cycling women versus oral contraceptive (OC) users.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements of total brightness (B) and achromatic luminance (L) were taken for various hues (blue, green, yellow-green, yellow, red).
  • Salivary hormone levels (estrogen, progesterone) were measured in nine cycling women and seven OC users during the menstrual, peri-ovulation, and luteal phases.
  • Brightness/luminance (B/L) ratios were calculated to estimate the H-K effect.

Main Results:

  • While simple B/L ratios did not differ by OC use or MC phase, cycling women showed higher B/L ratios for red stimuli during the luteal phase compared to OC users.
  • Estrogen, progesterone, and their interaction predicted 18% of brightness variation in cycling women.
  • In OC users, estrogen alone accounted for 5% of brightness variance.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support differentiating between cycling women and OC users in visual perception studies, especially concerning long-wavelength stimuli.
  • The interaction between OC use and MC phase on B/L ratios for red stimuli is a significant finding related to long-wavelength mechanisms.
  • Brightness models require hormonal terms for cycling women, but not for OC users.