Stereoscopic slant contrast revisited

The perceived slant of a stereoscopic surface is altered by the presence of a surrounding surface, a phenomenon termed stereo slant contrast. Previous studies have shown that a slanted surround causes a fronto-parallel surface to appear slanted in the opposite direction, an instance of "bidirectional" contrast. A few studies have examined slant contrast using slanted as opposed to fronto-parallel test surfaces, and these also have shown slant contrast. Here, we use a matching method to examine slant contrast over a wide range of combinations of surround and test slants, one aim being to determine whether stereo slant contrast transfers across opposite directions of test and surround slant. We also examine the effect of the test on the perceived slant of the surround. Test slant contrast was found to be bidirectional in virtually all test-surround combinations and transferred across opposite test and surround slants, with little or no decline in magnitude as the test-surround slant difference approached the limit. There was a weak bidirectional effect of the test slant on the perceived slant of the surround. We consider how our results might be explained by four mechanisms: (a) normalization of stereo slant to vertical; (b) divisive normalization of stereo slant channels in a manner analogous to the tilt illusion; (c) interactions between center and surround disparity-gradient detectors; and (d) uncertainty in slant estimation. We conclude that the third of these (interactions between center and surround disparity-gradient detectors) is the most likely cause of stereo slant contrast.