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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2025

Author Spotlight: A Novel Protocol for Intracameral Injections to Enhance Precision in Rodent Ophthalmology
06:19

Author Spotlight: A Novel Protocol for Intracameral Injections to Enhance Precision in Rodent Ophthalmology

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Emerging Ocular Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review.

Kevin Y Wu1, Yoel Yakobi2, Diana D Gueorguieva3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada.

Biomedicines
|November 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can cause rare ocular immune-related adverse events (OirAEs) affecting vision. Early recognition and management are crucial to prevent permanent eye damage and maintain cancer treatment efficacy.

Keywords:
cancer immunotherapycombination therapy in cancer treatmentimmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)immunologic pathwayimmunotherapy-induced uveitisocular immune-related adverse events (OirAEs)ocular toxicityoncologysystemic immune-related side effectstumor response

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed cancer therapy, improving survival rates.
  • However, ICIs can induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including ocular irAEs (OirAEs).
  • OirAEs, though infrequent, pose risks of significant visual impairment and reduced quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of OirAEs associated with ICIs.
  • To detail clinical manifestations, pathogenic mechanisms, and current management strategies for OirAEs.
  • To highlight challenges in diagnosis and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of OirAEs linked to ICI therapy.
  • Analysis of clinical presentations, including anterior and posterior segment disorders.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and treatment approaches.

Main Results:

  • OirAEs encompass a range of conditions like keratitis, uveitis, and retinal vasculitis.
  • Management requires careful consideration due to potential overlap with other autoimmune conditions.
  • Effective strategies are needed to balance cancer treatment efficacy with ocular health.

Conclusions:

  • Increased clinician awareness of OirAEs is essential for timely diagnosis and intervention.
  • Addressing knowledge gaps in OirAEs management is critical to prevent irreversible ocular damage.
  • Optimizing OirAEs care can enhance patient outcomes in ICI-treated cancer patients.