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Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
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Fabrication and Characterization of a Conformal Skin-like Electronic System for Quantitative, Cutaneous Wound Management
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Soft Self-Regulating Heating Elements for Thermoplastic Elastomer-Based Electronic Skin Applications.

Antonia Georgopoulou1,2, Pascal Diethelm1, Marius Wagner3

  • 1Department of Functional Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
|May 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Soft heating elements made from thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and carbon black can stretch over 100% and reach 180°C. These elements enable self-regulating temperature control for applications like electronic skin.

Keywords:
conductive compositesheating elementsmaterial extrusionpellet-based extrusionsoft materials

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Resistive heating elements are crucial for applications like electronic skin (e-skin).
  • Developing soft, stretchable, and thermally stable heating elements remains a challenge.
  • Existing thermoplastic polymer-based thermistors often lack sufficient elongation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop soft, highly stretchable resistive heating elements for e-skin applications.
  • To investigate the fabrication process and thermal performance of these novel heating elements.
  • To demonstrate self-regulating temperature control and localized healing capabilities.

Main Methods:

  • Combining thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with carbon black to create composite heating elements.
  • Utilizing material extrusion additive manufacturing for one-step fabrication on TPU substrates.
  • Adjusting heating performance by modifying element geometry and additive manufacturing parameters (offset, layer height, nozzle speed, extrusion multiplier).
  • Implementing self-regulating temperature control using different voltages and current thresholds.

Main Results:

  • The developed heating elements demonstrated elongations exceeding 100% without significant deformation.
  • Thermistors could be heated up to 180°C due to the high melting point of TPU and carbon filler.
  • Self-regulating temperature control was achieved by varying voltage and current thresholds.
  • Heating performance was tunable by altering the cross-sectional geometry of the elements.
  • Additive manufacturing parameters influenced the initial resistivity and conductivity.

Conclusions:

  • Soft, stretchable, and thermally stable heating elements were successfully fabricated using TPU and carbon black via additive manufacturing.
  • The developed elements exhibit excellent mechanical properties and controllable heating performance.
  • The integrated heating elements in e-skin facilitate in situ localized healing while maintaining softness for soft robotics.