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Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions
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Analysis and Specification of Starch Granule Size Distributions

Published on: March 4, 2021

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Insights into wheat-starch biosynthesis from two-dimensional macromolecular structure.

Chen Xu1, Changfeng Li1, Enpeng Li1

  • 1Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, PR China.

Carbohydrate Polymers
|May 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a 2D method to analyze starch structure, revealing ultra-long amylopectin chains and shared causal effects in wheat. This aids in developing improved starches with tailored functional properties.

Keywords:
AmylopectinAmyloseBiosynthesisDistribution functionEnzymesSize-exclusion chromatography

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Preparation of Fungal and Plant Materials for Structural Elucidation Using Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State NMR
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Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry
  • Carbohydrate chemistry
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Starch structure is typically analyzed by chain-length distribution (CLD).
  • A 2D approach, analyzing total molecular size alongside CLD, offers deeper insights.
  • Understanding starch structure is crucial for developing starches with specific functional properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between total molecular size and CLD in wheat starch.
  • To determine if ultra-long amylopectin (AP) chains exist and can be distinguished.
  • To characterize starch structure in normal and high-amylose wheat mutants.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a 2D size-exclusion chromatography approach.
  • Employed absolute ethanol precipitation for fraction collection.
  • Analyzed starch from normal (RS01) and high-amylose (SBEIIa knockout, SBEIIa/SBEIIb double knockout) wheat mutants.

Main Results:

  • SBEIIa and SBEIIb mutations significantly increased amylose (AM) and intermediate (IC) contents and chain length.
  • The 2D analysis revealed the presence of small but significant amounts of long-chain amylopectin.
  • Asymmetry in 2D plots indicated shared causal effects controlling total size and CLD.

Conclusions:

  • The 2D method successfully characterized wheat starch structures, including the presence of ultra-long AP chains.
  • Shared causal effects influence both total starch size and CLD, challenging assumptions of independence.
  • Findings support the development of crop plants producing starches with optimized functional properties based on CLD.