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Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
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Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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DNA methylation and lncRNA control asynchronous DNA replication at specific imprinted gene domains.

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The long non-coding RNA Meg3 mediates imprinted gene expression during stem cell differentiation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells
11:25

3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells

Published on: January 25, 2020

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Differential 3D genome architecture and imprinted gene expression: cause or consequence?

Benoit Moindrot1, Yui Imaizumi2, Robert Feil2

  • 1Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|May 22, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Imprinted genes link genome architecture and gene expression. Differential chromatin looping, driven by DNA methylation and CTCF binding, establishes parental allele-specific expression early in development.

Keywords:
CTCFchromatin architecturechromatin loopgenomic imprintingtopologically associating domain

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Imprinted genes exhibit parental allele-specific expression, crucial for development.
  • Their regulation involves parental methylation imprints at regulatory DNA sequences within chromosomal domains.
  • Understanding the interplay between genome architecture and imprinted gene expression is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between genome architecture and imprinted gene expression.
  • To investigate how differential chromatin organization facilitates allele-specific transcription.
  • To examine the reciprocal influence of gene expression on genome organization.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin conformation capture (3C)-based studies.
  • Analysis of topologically associating domains (TADs) in imprinted regions.
  • Investigation of CTCF and cohesin binding patterns at differentially methylated regions.

Main Results:

  • Differential organization of TADs between parental chromosomes at imprinted domains.
  • Allelic binding of CTCF and cohesin at the non-methylated allele.
  • Generation of differential chromatin looping facilitating allelic gene expression.
  • Evidence for reciprocal influence where transcription affects genome organization.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetically controlled differential genome architecture precedes and facilitates imprinted gene expression.
  • Mono-allelic gene expression can also influence genome architecture at certain imprinted domains.
  • This dynamic interplay is fundamental to developmental processes.