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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment01:19

Design Example: Maintaining Level of an Embankment

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Constructing a roadway embankment over uneven terrain requires precise leveling to ensure stability and proper drainage. Surveyors use a leveling instrument and staff to calculate ground elevations and determine the required fill material at each point along the embankment alignment.The process begins by positioning a leveling instrument near a benchmark with a known elevation. A backsight reading establishes the instrument height, which serves as a reference for subsequent measurements. A...
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Design Example: Alignment of a Road Line Using GIS01:17

Design Example: Alignment of a Road Line Using GIS

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The alignment of a road line using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a critical process in civil engineering, combining advanced technology with practical decision-making. This methodology begins with the collection of geospatial data, including information on land cover, geomorphology, drainage patterns, slope, and contour details. Such data is typically acquired through satellite imagery and GIS tools, offering a comprehensive understanding of the terrain.Once the data is gathered, it...
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Taping Over Different Ground Profiles01:12

Taping Over Different Ground Profiles

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Taping over varying ground profiles requires careful adaptation to achieve accurate measurements. On smooth, level ground with minimal vegetation, the tape can rest directly on the ground. Here, the taping team, typically consisting of a head and a rear tapeman, coordinates their positions with clear communication. The rear tapeman holds the tape at the starting point and guides the head tapeman toward a range pole placed beyond the endpoint, using hand or voice signals to ensure alignment.On...
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Support Reactions01:30

Support Reactions

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A coplanar force system refers to a set of forces that all lie in the same plane and are subject to different reactions between the point of contact and the supports. Understanding how different types of supports affect coplanar forces is crucial for designing safe and reliable structures that can withstand external loads.
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Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

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Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
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Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength01:12

Non-destructive Tests for Concrete Strength

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The rebound hammer test, also known as the Schmidt hammer test, is a non-destructive technique for evaluating the hardness of concrete and, indirectly, the strength of concrete. It operates on the principle that the rebound of a spring-driven mass from a concrete surface correlates to the surface's hardness. The device comprises a mass within a tubular housing, a spring mechanism, and a plunger that strikes the concrete. Upon release, the energy imparted to the mass by the spring causes it...
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Assessing Longwall Gateroad Ground Response and Support Alternatives.

Gabriel S Esterhuizen1, Ted Klemetti1, Morgan M Sears1

  • 1National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration
|May 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Ground falls in longwall gateroads are a major concern. This study developed new analysis procedures to assess gateroad stability and evaluate support systems, improving safety in longwall mining operations.

Keywords:
GateroadGround controlLongwallMonitoringNumerical modelingSupport design

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Area of Science:

  • Mining Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Rock Mechanics

Background:

  • Ground falls in longwall gateroad entries pose significant risks in modern mining.
  • Longwall extraction induces stress changes, leading to strata failure and entry deformation.
  • Effective gateroad support is crucial for safety, access, and ventilation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate longwall gateroad stability issues.
  • To develop procedures for evaluating gateroad support and layout alternatives.
  • To enhance safety and operational efficiency in longwall mining.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a field-monitoring program.
  • Performed numerical model analysis of case histories.
  • Developed a conceptual model for gateroad support needs.
  • Derived equations to estimate roof sag and support loading.

Main Results:

  • Developed a conceptual model of gateroad support requirements.
  • Created equations for predicting roof sag and support loads based on geology and stress conditions.
  • Validated the equations against field study results, showing satisfactory agreement.
  • Demonstrated the application of calculation procedures in assessing support alternatives.

Conclusions:

  • The developed analysis procedures provide realistic assessments of ground stability in longwall gateroads.
  • These procedures can effectively evaluate alternative gateroad support systems.
  • The research contributes to improved safety and operational planning in longwall mining.