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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The efficacy of olfactory training in improving olfactory function: a meta-analysis.

Alice Helena Delgado-Lima1, Jaime Bouhaben1, María Luisa Delgado-Losada2

  • 1Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|May 27, 2024
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Summary

Olfactory training significantly improves smell recovery in individuals with olfactory dysfunction. This meta-analysis confirms its efficacy in enhancing general olfactory function, odor identification, and discrimination.

Keywords:
Olfactory dysfunctionOlfactory functionOlfactory trainingTherapeutic approach

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otorhinolaryngology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction significantly impacts quality of life.
  • Effective rehabilitation strategies for smell loss are crucial.
  • Olfactory training (OT) is a promising therapeutic approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of olfactory training in improving olfactory function.
  • To synthesize evidence from existing studies on OT for olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across multiple databases.
  • Meta-analysis of 36 selected studies using Hedges' g effect size.
  • Assessment of methodological quality using PRISMA guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory training demonstrated a moderate to large positive effect on general olfactory function (g=0.755).
  • Significant improvements were observed in odor identification, discrimination, and threshold.
  • Training duration, age, and anosmia diagnosis were identified as significant moderators.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory training is an effective intervention for olfactory dysfunction.
  • The findings support OT as a valuable tool for smell rehabilitation.
  • Further research can optimize OT protocols based on identified moderators.