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Effects of Chemicals: Overview01:27

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Drugs, encompassing various chemical compounds from natural sources, lab synthesis, or genetic engineering, elicit different biological responses in living organisms. Some of these responses are desirable or therapeutic, while others are undesirable. The primary goal of administering a drug is to achieve a therapeutic effect, that is, to address a specific disease or health condition. Any concurrent effects outside of this therapeutic outcome are considered undesirable. These undesirable...
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Multiple disease states can significantly influence the oral drug absorption process by affecting blood flow and the functionality of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Various GI diseases, including conditions that alter GI motility, such as diarrhea, decreased acid secretions (achlorhydria), and infections, have been associated with reduced drug absorption.
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When it comes to infants and young children, they are typically administered smaller doses of medication in comparison to adults. This is primarily because their organ functions still need to fully develop, meaning their bodies are not as efficient at metabolizing or eliminating drugs. Additionally, their blood-brain barrier is more permeable than in adults. As a result, high concentrations of drugs can easily penetrate the central nervous system (CNS), potentially leading to neurological...
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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture
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OVERVIEW OF DRUG-INDUCED OROFACIAL CLEFT.

M Saarti1, M Mahmood1, L Alchalaby1

  • 1College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Iraq.

Georgian Medical News
|May 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Certain medications taken during pregnancy, like corticosteroids and antiepileptics, are linked to orofacial clefts (OFC). However, anti-inflammatory drugs show no such association with this common birth defect.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Genetics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Teratology

Background:

  • Orofacial clefts (OFC) are common congenital anomalies affecting lip and/or palate development.
  • These birth defects have both genetic and environmental etiologies.
  • Understanding medication impacts during gestation is crucial for preventing OFC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the role of maternal medications in the etiology of orofacial clefts.
  • To investigate the association between specific drug classes and OFC occurrence.
  • To provide insights into teratogenic risks associated with prenatal drug exposure.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological studies on OFC prevalence.
  • Analysis of laboratory animal models for drug-induced clefts.

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  • Examination of human genetic investigations linking maternal drug use and OFC.

    • Main Results:

    • A correlation was identified between maternal use of corticosteroids and antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and an increased risk of OFC.
    • No significant association was found between the use of anti-inflammatory medications and the occurrence of OFC.
    • Genetic factors and environmental influences contribute to OFC development.

    Conclusions:

    • Prenatal exposure to certain medications, specifically corticosteroids and antiepileptics, may increase the risk of orofacial clefts.
    • Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise mechanisms of teratogenicity for these drug classes.
    • Identifying and mitigating risks associated with specific medications during pregnancy is essential for OFC prevention.