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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

548
Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2025

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma
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Glaucoma and the Human Microbiome.

Chih-Chiun J Chang1, Benjamin Liu2, Jeffrey M Liebmann3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai-New York Eye and Ear Infirmary.

Journal of Glaucoma
|May 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human microbiome, including gut and oral bacteria, may influence glaucoma development and progression. Dysbiosis and bacterial products like lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are implicated, suggesting potential microbiota-based treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The human microbiome is a complex, dynamic system with potential links to various diseases.
  • Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, characterized by progressive optic nerve damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the human microbiome in the pathogenesis and progression of glaucoma.
  • To explore the interconnectedness of the ocular, gut, and oral microbiomes in relation to ocular health.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted, encompassing publications from 1966 to 2023.
  • Analysis focused on studies examining the interplay between microbial communities and glaucoma development.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activating toll-like receptors (TLR), particularly TLR4, represent a key pathway linking microbiomes to ocular disease.
  • Gut dysbiosis is associated with immune-mediated inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions, while oral and ocular dysbiosis correlate with glaucoma.
  • Commensal microflora exposure is necessary for certain glaucoma-related responses, and beneficial bacterial products like short-chain fatty acids may offer protection.

Conclusions:

  • Alterations in the human microbiota can affect intestinal permeability, gene regulation, immune function, and neural processes, potentially predisposing individuals to glaucoma.
  • Specific microbes may influence glaucoma progression or provide protection, opening avenues for microbiota-based therapeutic strategies.
  • Current topical glaucoma treatments might disrupt the ocular surface microbiota, necessitating further research into microbiome-glaucoma interactions.