Sex and gender differences in risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Stephanie Haering1, Caroline Meyer1, Lars Schulze2

  • 1Division of Clinical Psychological Intervention, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universitat Berlin.

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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