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Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

Factors Affecting Drug Distribution: Physiological Barriers

Drug distribution in the body is intricately regulated by various physiological barriers that control the passage of substances. These include the capillary endothelial barrier, the blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid, blood-placental, and blood-testis barriers.
The capillary endothelial barrier allows only smaller molecules below 600 Da (Daltons) to pass through. It also restricts drugs like heparin that are bound to blood components, limiting their movement within the bloodstream.
The...

Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...

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Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Manufacture and Drug Delivery Applications of Silk Nanoparticles

Manufacture and Drug Delivery Applications of Silk Nanoparticles

Published on: October 8, 2016

Exploring and Analyzing the Systemic Delivery Barriers for Nanoparticles.

Lin Wang¹, Skyler Quine¹, Alex N Frickenstein¹

¹Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, 73019, USA.

Advanced Functional Materials

|June 3, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Nanoparticle blood removal pathways (NBRP) hinder nanomedicine delivery. Surface chemistry, particularly biological-PEG modification, significantly improves in vivo circulation and reduces organ accumulation for enhanced nanomedicine efficacy.

Keywords:

Nanomedicine biodistribution biological barriers literature survey mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)nano-bio interaction nanoparticle blood removal pathways (NBRP)nanoparticle delivery pharmacokinetics reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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Area of Science:

Nanomedicine
Biomaterials Science
Pharmacokinetics

Background:

Effective in vivo delivery is crucial for nanomedicine efficacy.
Systemically administered nanoparticles face biological barriers, termed nanoparticle blood removal pathways (NBRP).
Understanding NBRP is key to optimizing nanomedicine design and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

To define and characterize nanoparticle blood removal pathways (NBRP).
To review strategies for mitigating NBRP interactions in nanomedicine.
To analyze preclinical data on nanoparticle behavior and identify design trends.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of preclinical nanomedicine literature (2011-2021).
Analysis of nanoparticle blood circulation and organ biodistribution data.
Evaluation of nanoparticle design and surface modification effects on NBRP.

Main Results:

Nanoparticle surface chemistry is a critical determinant of in vivo behavior.
Combinatory biological-PEG surface modification enhanced blood circulation (AUC ~418%).
This modification reduced liver accumulation by up to 47%.

Conclusions:

Understanding NBRP interactions is vital for developing effective nanomedicines.
Surface chemistry and biological modulation are key strategies to improve nanomedicine delivery.
Optimized NBRP mitigation leads to safer, more efficient nanomedicines.