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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2025

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment

Published on: July 22, 2022

A novel functional electrical stimulation sleeve based on textile-embedded dry electrodes.

Baptiste Garnier¹, Melissa Marquez-Chin^2,3, Stephanie DiNunzio^2,3

¹KITE-Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. baptiste.garnier@uhn.ca.

Biomedical Engineering Online

|June 4, 2024

Summary

This study introduces a novel smart sleeve with integrated dry electrodes for functional electrical stimulation (FES) rehabilitation. The wearable FES system enhances comfort and stimulation intensity without compromising muscle torque.

Keywords:

Dry electrodes Functional electrical stimulation Rehabilitation Sleeve Smart textile

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Rehabilitation Technology
Textile Science

Background:

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) aids motor control recovery in impaired patients.
Existing FES systems often rely on less comfortable hydrogel electrodes.
A need exists for improved, wearable FES electrode solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and prototype a smart sleeve with integrated carbon-based dry electrodes for FES.
To develop a method for seamless electrode-textile integration and electrical connectivity.
To evaluate the performance, comfort, and efficacy of the smart FES sleeve compared to traditional electrodes.

Main Methods:

Carbon-based dry electrodes were integrated into a textile substrate using thermal compression molding.
An embroidered conductive matrix of silver-plated yarns ensured electrical connection to the stimulator.
Performance was assessed by comparing stimulation intensity, perceived comfort, and muscle torque against hydrogel electrodes.

Main Results:

The smart FES sleeve demonstrated improved average comfort and higher average stimulation intensity.
No significant differences were observed in the muscle torque generated compared to hydrogel electrodes.
The integrated dry electrodes maintained or improved electrode performance within the wearable system.

Conclusions:

Textile-integrated dry electrodes offer a viable and effective solution for wearable FES.
The developed prototyping method is scalable for garment production and commercialization.
This approach holds potential for widespread application in FES rehabilitation across various muscle groups.