Gender differences in neck muscle activity during near-maximum forward head flexion while using smartphones with...

Area of Science:

• Biomechanics
• Ergonomics
• Gender Studies

Background:

• Women report more neck discomfort during smartphone use than men, despite exhibiting less neck flexion.
• Differences in posture and muscle activation patterns between genders during smartphone use are not well understood.
• Previous research highlights gender disparities in neck and shoulder discomfort related to smartphone use.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the influence of gender on neck muscle activity and neck flexion (NF) during smartphone use.
• To analyze gender differences in muscle activation (%MVC) of cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius (UTZ) across various postures and head angles.
• To explore the relationship between smartphone usage postures, gender, and neck discomfort.

Main Methods:

• 16 men and 16 women participated in the study.
• Muscle activity (CES, UTZ) and NF were measured in standing, supported sitting, and unsupported sitting postures.
• Measurements were taken at head angles of 20°, 30°, 40°, and maximum flexion during smartphone use.

Main Results:

• Gender, head angle, and posture significantly influenced muscle activity and NF.
• Women showed higher CES and UTZ activity but lower NF than men in standing and unsupported sitting postures.
• The cervical flexion-relaxation phenomenon may occur beyond 40° of head flexion during smartphone use.

Conclusions:

• Gender-specific biomechanical differences contribute to higher neck discomfort in women during smartphone use.
• Avoiding extreme head flexion (beyond 40°) during smartphone use is recommended to mitigate neck issues.
• Findings provide a rationale for gender-related disparities in neck and shoulder injury outcomes from smartphone use.