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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Sensor-Based Assessment of Task-Dependent Visual-Postural-Muscular Responses to Smartphone Holder Use During a

Yi-Lang Chen1, Yu-Ju Hung1

  • 1Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei 243303, Taiwan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Smartphone use while motorcycling creates significant neck and upper body strain, especially when texting. This study highlights the ergonomic risks, showing how visual, posture, and muscle responses vary with different smartphone tasks.

Keywords:
electromyographymotion analysisposturescooter-mounted smartphone usesensor-based ergonomicssmartphone holder

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Area of Science:

  • Ergonomics
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Motorcycle Safety

Background:

  • Smartphone use is common during motorcycling, but its ergonomic impact is not well understood.
  • Riding postures can exacerbate physical strain from device interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the visual, postural, and muscular responses to smartphone use under simulated motorcycle riding conditions.
  • To analyze how different smartphone tasks (viewing, texting) affect ergonomics.

Main Methods:

  • Forty healthy adults performed five smartphone tasks (dynamic viewing, static viewing, texting, seated, standing) on a simulated riding posture.
  • Measured neck flexion, thoracic angle, gaze angle, viewing distance, and muscle activity (cervical erector spinae, upper trapezius) using motion analysis and EMG.
  • Analyzed data using ANOVA and correlation analyses.

Main Results:

  • Task condition significantly impacted all measured variables (moderate to large effect sizes).
  • Texting resulted in the most pronounced neck flexion, shortest viewing distance, and highest muscle activation.
  • Strong associations were found between viewing distance, neck flexion, and muscle activity (r = -0.815).
  • Females showed higher muscle activation in the neck and upper trapezius compared to males.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone use during motorcycling exhibits a task-dependent pattern of visual-postural-muscular co-variation.
  • Texting poses the highest ergonomic risk due to increased neck strain and muscle activation.
  • Sensor-based ergonomic assessments are valuable for evaluating these task-specific responses.