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Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Single-to-four core optical fiber coupling using a two-photon polymerization produced waveguide.

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers developed a novel method for optical coupling using two-photon polymerization to create a waveguide manifold on a four-core fiber tip. This fast, low-cost technique shows potential for sensing and optical tweezer applications with low insertion loss.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Traditional optical coupling methods for single-to-multi-core fibers involve complex fan-ins/fan-outs, free-space optics, or laser-inscribed waveguides.
    • These methods can be costly and require delicate alignment procedures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce a novel, fast, and low-cost method for optical coupling between single-core and multi-core optical fibers.
    • To fabricate a waveguide manifold directly onto a four-core optical fiber tip using two-photon polymerization.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized two-photon polymerization (TPP) to fabricate a waveguide manifold on a four-core optical fiber tip.
    • Investigated the influence of numerical aperture (NA) mismatch on coupling performance.
    • Measured insertion losses for the fabricated optical coupling structures.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully fabricated a waveguide manifold on a four-core fiber tip using TPP.
    • Demonstrated that coupling performance is significantly influenced by the NA mismatch between the fabricated and coupled waveguides.
    • Achieved insertion losses below 5 dB when the NA mismatch was minimized.

    Conclusions:

    • Two-photon polymerization offers a rapid and cost-effective approach for creating optical coupling solutions for multi-core fibers.
    • The developed method shows promise for applications in optical sensing and optical tweezers.
    • Further optimization can potentially reduce insertion losses even further.