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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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The nativist approach to infant cognitive development proposes that infants are born with inherent knowledge structures that allow them to interpret the world almost immediately. This perspective contrasts with earlier developmental theories, such as those proposed by Jean Piaget, which emphasized a more gradual acquisition of cognitive abilities through interaction with the environment. One key concept in this approach is object permanence — the understanding that objects continue to...
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Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children
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Cortical Face-Selective Responses Emerge Early in Human Infancy.

Heather L Kosakowski1, Michael A Cohen2,3, Lyneé Herrera4

  • 1Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 heatherlkosakowski@gmail.com.

Eneuro
|June 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infant brains show face selectivity in key areas like the fusiform face area (FFA) and superior temporal sulcus (STS) within months of birth. This early development of face processing provides crucial insights into brain development.

Keywords:
FFAMPFCOFASTScerebral cortexfMRIfacesinfant brain

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Multiple cortical regions, including the occipital face area (OFA), fusiform face area (FFA), superior temporal sulcus (STS), and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), are known to respond robustly to faces in adults.
  • The developmental trajectory of face selectivity in these distinct cortical regions during infancy remains an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the emergence of face selectivity in OFA, FFA, STS, and MPFC during human development.
  • To determine if face selectivity is present in these regions in early infancy and how it develops over time.

Main Methods:

  • Combined two awake infant functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) datasets, resulting in a larger sample size (n=65 infants, 2.6-9.6 months).
  • Infants viewed movies of faces, bodies, objects, and scenes while fMRI data were collected.
  • Utilized cross-validated functional region of interest analyses to assess face selectivity strength and nature.

Main Results:

  • Individual subject whole-brain activation maps revealed face-selective responses in the approximate locations of OFA, FFA, STS, and MPFC.
  • Across the larger sample, face responses in OFA, FFA, STS, and MPFC were significantly greater than responses to bodies, objects, and scenes.
  • Infants as young as 2-5 months exhibited significant face-selective responses in FFA, STS, and MPFC, though not in OFA.

Conclusions:

  • Face selectivity emerges in multiple cortical regions within months of birth.
  • These findings provide significant constraints for theories explaining cortical development and face processing.
  • Early-developing face selectivity in FFA, STS, and MPFC suggests a rapid maturation of social cognition circuits.