Advancing PFAS characterization: Development and optimization of a UV-H₂O₂-TOP assay for improved PFCA chain length...

As per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) infiltrate the environment via industrial, commercial, and domestic sources, the demand for robust, cost-effective, and straightforward analytical assays intensifies to enhance PFAS characterization and quantification. To address this demand, this study introduces a novel UV-H₂O₂-TOP assay, identifying optimal parameters such as pH (5-9), oxidant concentration (500 mM H₂O₂), activation rate (63 mM H₂O₂ h^-1), and an acceptable total organic carbon (TOC) limit (~1000 mg/L TOC) to achieve maximum PFAA precursor conversion. Additional work was performed further optimizing the UV-TOP assay, by confirming its superiority to heat activation, identifying the effectiveness of different persulfate salts, and investigating different concentrations of sodium persulfate and sodium hydroxide at a 1:2.5 ratio on PFCA yield. Our investigation concluded by applying the UV-H₂O₂-TOP assay, using sodium persulfate as the TOP assay oxidant, to 6:2 FTS and five different AFFF samples. High-resolution mass spectrometry and an expanded analytical suite support sample analysis, facilitating direct quantification of ultra-short chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and common fluorotelomer compounds including 5:3/5:1:2 fluorotelomer betaine and 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonamido betaine. Results highlight several advantages of this tandem UV-activated method, including enhanced preservation of perfluoroalkyl chains (post-oxidation of 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate resulted in 28 % PFHpA, 47 % PFHxA, 25 % C3-C5 PFCA), capacity to handle high TOC limits (1000 mg/L TOC), and ability to incorporate higher persulfate concentrations in a single oxidation cycle.