Tourmaline/pyrite dual mineral photocatalysis with a powerful surface electric field for efficient antibiotic removal

Pyrite (FeS₂) has garnered attention due to its narrow bandgap, high light absorption, and low cost. However, the rapid recombination of charge carriers hinders its practical application. Surface electric field is a unique characteristic of tourmaline, which can induce effective separation of photo generated electrons and holes. This study successfully combined two directly mined natural minerals, tourmaline and pyrite, to form TFS. Characterization and experiments show that the surface electric field of tourmaline can significantly enhance the photocatalytic activity of TFS. Tetracycline (TC, 50 ppm) was degraded by 95% with 60 min, and the TFS reaction rate constant reached 0.0439 min^-1, which is 6.1 times and 17.3 times higher than that of tourmaline and FeS₂. Additionally, it significantly improved light absorption and charge carrier separation capabilities. After simulating various natural environmental factors, TFS demonstrated practicality. Considered analysis of active substances and detection revealed that h⁺ and ¹O₂ radicals are significant contributors, and the photocatalytic mechanism was proposed. Furthermore, the transformation pathways and toxicity of metabolites were studied. This research offers further inspiration and insights for improving photocatalytic material performance and the green governance environment of natural resources.