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Related Concept Videos

Anastomoses01:19

Anastomoses

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In human anatomy, anastomosis refers to a connection or opening between two things, particularly between blood vessels or other tubular structures. The term is derived from the Greek term 'anastomosis,' which means 'outlet' or 'opening.' This natural network of connections plays a critical role in the survival and functionality of the human body.
Anastomoses can be formed at arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels.
Arterial Anastomosis: These occur between arteries. They...
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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Updated: Jun 21, 2025

A Mouse Model of Direct Anastomosis via the Prespinal Route for Crossing Nerve Transfer Surgery
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Alternative Nerve Coaptations: End-To-Side and Beyond.

J Michael Hendry1, Linden K Head2

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 5G2, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queens University, 18 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L3N6, Canada.

Hand Clinics
|July 7, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modern end-to-side nerve transfers offer versatile solutions for nerve injury recovery. Further research is needed to optimize their clinical use and maximize functional restoration potential.

Keywords:
End-to-side nerve transferPeripheral nerve injuryPeripheral nerve reconstructionReverse end-to-side

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Peripheral Nerve Injury

Background:

  • End-to-side (ETS) nerve transfers have evolved significantly since the early 1990s.
  • Preclinical studies illuminate donor axon growth patterns and target reinnervation mechanisms.
  • ETS nerve transfers may mitigate factors hindering functional recovery post-nerve injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding and potential applications of modern end-to-side nerve transfers.
  • To highlight the role of ETS nerve transfers in supporting nerve regeneration and motor end-plate function.
  • To identify areas for future clinical and basic science investigation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical data on axon outgrowth and reinnervation.
  • Analysis of the potential mechanisms by which ETS nerve transfers support functional recovery.
  • Synthesis of existing literature on ETS nerve transfer applications.

Main Results:

  • Preclinical data demonstrate predictable donor axon outgrowth and recipient nerve reinnervation patterns.
  • ETS nerve transfers show potential in preserving motor end-plates and enhancing the regenerative milieu.
  • The versatility of ETS techniques offers a promising reconstructive option for nerve injuries.

Conclusions:

  • Modern end-to-side nerve transfers represent an evolving reconstructive strategy for peripheral nerve injuries.
  • Further research is crucial to define optimal clinical indications, contraindications, and precise mechanisms of action.
  • Maximizing the potential of ETS nerve transfers requires continued clinical and basic science exploration.