Vulvovaginal candidiasis and type 2 diabetes: A nationwide retrospective cohort study

To examine whether vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) precedes type 2 diabetes and to quantify the possible time period between VVC and subsequent diabetes.

We conducted a nationwide retrospective primary healthcare study including 1 838 929 women aged 35-65 years in Sweden (2007-2018). Cox regression models were used to examine associations between VVC and type 2 diabetes, while controlling for possible confounders. Propensity-score-weighted analysis was also conducted.

The incidence rate of diabetes per 1000 person-years was 3.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.05-3.08) in women without preceding VVC and 4.05 (95% CI 3.86-4.24) in women with preceding VVC. The incidence rate was particularly high in women aged 55 years and older with VVC: 9.56 (95% CI 8.01-11.11). Women with VVC had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.41 (95% CI 1.28-1.55) for diabetes compared to women without VVC in the multivariable-adjusted model. The corresponding HR was 1.63 (95% CI 1.53-1.74) in propensity-score-weighted analysis. Women with prior VVC also seemed to have a stronger risk of diabetes with older age, particularly after the age of 55 years. The mean (range) time between VVC and subsequent diabetes was 0.57 (0-2) years, depending on the age of the woman.

We found temporal associations between VVC and diabetes. The findings demonstrate that the presence of VVC may indicate a future diagnosis of diabetes, especially in women aged 55 years and older. This knowledge could be valuable for clinicians when treating women with VVC.