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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

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Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

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Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

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The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

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Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
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Nitrate electroreduction to ammonia catalysed by atomically precise Au28Cu12 clusters.

Shisi Tang1, Tongxin Song1, Xiao Cai1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China. zhuyan@nju.edu.cn.

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A new gold-copper bimetal cluster was synthesized, showing significantly enhanced catalytic efficiency for converting nitrate to ammonia compared to single-metal clusters. This discovery advances electrocatalysis for ammonia production.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Bimetal clusters are promising catalysts due to synergistic effects.
  • Gold and copper clusters have shown catalytic activity but with limitations.
  • Efficient synthesis of well-defined bimetal nanoclusters remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize a novel gold-copper bimetal cluster with a specific structure.
  • To investigate the catalytic performance of the synthesized cluster for nitrate electroreduction.
  • To compare its efficiency with monometallic counterparts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of the bimetal cluster [Au28Cu12(SR)24](PPh4)4 using 2,4-dichlorothiophenol (SR).
  • Structural characterization of the cluster, revealing a Au4@Au24 core and Cu3(SR)6 staples.
  • Electrochemical evaluation of nitrate electroreduction to ammonia, comparing with Au28(TBBT)20 and Cu28(CHT)18(PPh3)3.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of the [Au28Cu12(C6H4Cl2S)24](PPh4)4 bimetal cluster.
  • The cluster exhibits significantly higher catalytic efficiency for nitrate electroreduction to ammonia.
  • Demonstrated superior performance compared to monometallic gold and copper clusters.

Conclusions:

  • The novel Au-Cu bimetal cluster possesses enhanced catalytic activity for ammonia synthesis via nitrate electroreduction.
  • The unique structure of the bimetal cluster is key to its improved catalytic performance.
  • This work provides a new avenue for designing efficient electrocatalysts for nitrogen conversion.