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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Hydrogen Bonds01:04

Hydrogen Bonds

8.3K
A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2025

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Hydrogen production catalysed by atomically precise metal clusters.

Tongxin Song1, Xiao Cai1, Yan Zhu1

  • 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.

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|July 9, 2024
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Summary

Atomically precise metal clusters are ideal catalysts for hydrogen production. This review summarizes their development as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts, offering insights for future catalyst design.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science, Nanotechnology, Catalysis, Renewable Energy

Background:

  • Atomically precise metal clusters offer tunable structures for catalysis.
  • These clusters are increasingly studied for hydrogen production applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review metal clusters as electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for hydrogen generation.
  • To highlight challenges and perspectives in designing high-performance catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent advancements in metal cluster catalysis for hydrogen production.
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships in metal cluster catalysts.

Main Results:

  • Metal clusters serve as excellent model catalysts due to their defined atomic structures.
  • Significant progress has been made in utilizing metal clusters for both electrocatalytic and photocatalytic hydrogen generation.

Conclusions:

  • Atomically precise metal clusters are promising for efficient hydrogen production.
  • Further research is needed for rational design of advanced catalysts based on these clusters.