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Related Concept Videos

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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When a wave travels from one medium to another, it gets reflected at the boundary of the second medium. A common example of this is when a person yells at a distance from a cliff and hears the echo of their voice. The sound waves (longitudinal waves) traveling in the air are reflected from the bounding cliff. Similarly, flipping one end of a string whose other end is tied to a wall causes a pulse (transverse wave) to travel through the string, which gets reflected upon reaching the wall. In...
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Echo01:06

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The human ear cannot distinguish between two sources of sound if they happen to reach within a specific time interval, typically 0.1 seconds apart. More than this, and they are perceived as separate sources.
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During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
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When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
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Time Refraction and Time Reflection above Critical Angle for Total Internal Reflection.

Lior Bar-Hillel1, Alex Dikopoltsev2,3, Amit Kam2

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, <a href="https://ror.org/03qryx823">Technion</a>, Haifa 32000, Israel.

Physical Review Letters
|July 12, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sudden changes in material properties cause wave time reflection and refraction. This phenomenon enhances time reflection near the critical angle, enabling new optical experiments.

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Area of Science:

  • Wave physics
  • Optics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Investigating wave phenomena at interfaces is crucial for understanding light-matter interactions.
  • Temporal changes in material properties offer novel ways to manipulate waves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To study time reflection and refraction of waves at a spatial interface with a medium experiencing a sudden temporal change in permittivity.
  • To analyze the transformation of monochromatic waves into pulses and the enhancement of time reflection.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of wave propagation across a spatial interface.
  • Modeling the effect of a sudden temporal change in permittivity on wave behavior.
  • Investigating wave dynamics near the critical angle for total internal reflection.

Main Results:

  • Monochromatic waves are converted into pulses due to the temporal change in permittivity.
  • Time reflection is significantly enhanced near the critical angle for total internal reflection.
  • Evanescent fields are transformed into propagating pulses by the sudden permittivity change.

Conclusions:

  • The study demonstrates enhanced time reflection and high sensitivity near the critical angle.
  • These findings open possibilities for experiments on time reflection and photonic time crystals at optical frequencies.