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Sugar or Sweetener?

Arshag D Mooradian1

  • 1From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville.

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This summary is machine-generated.

Reducing sugar intake is advised, but alternative sweeteners offer options for those with a sweet tooth. While some studies show harm, recent analyses suggest low- or no-calorie sweeteners may offer benefits without harm.

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Area of Science:

  • Nutrition Science
  • Metabolic Health
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Excessive sugar consumption is linked to obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.
  • The World Health Organization recommends limiting sugar intake to less than 5% of total energy.
  • Alternative sweeteners are sought due to the difficulty in reducing sugar intake for individuals with a preference for sweets.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of high-intensity sweeteners.
  • To examine the safety and health implications of alternative sweeteners.
  • To provide guidance on sweetener use, particularly for individuals at risk of diabetes mellitus.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature, including large cohort studies and meta-analyses.
  • Examination of regulatory approvals (e.g., Food and Drug Administration) and safety designations.
  • Analysis of reported correlations between sweetener use and health outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Conflicting evidence exists regarding sweetener safety; some studies suggest a link to weight gain and metabolic risk.
  • A recent meta-analysis indicated potential small improvements in body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors with low- or no-calorie sweeteners.
  • The World Health Organization currently advises against the use of non-sugar sweeteners, and the biological effects of natural sweeteners are not well-studied.

Conclusions:

  • Reducing overall sugar intake is prudent for health.
  • For individuals managing diabetes mellitus or at risk, diversifying sweetener types and limiting quantities may be a reasonable approach.
  • Further research is needed on the biological effects of natural sweeteners.