Medical Therapy for Heart Failure in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients

There is an increasing recognition of heart failure among adults with congenital heart disease as a result of the advancements in medical, interventional, and surgical care. The long-term consequences of palliative therapy in infancy, childhood, and adulthood are incompletely understood. Medical therapy, including pharmacologic and device therapies, have been used for the treatment of heart failure. This review summarizes care strategies that have been applied within the spectrum of adults with congenital heart disease, including failing systemic ventricles, single ventricles, and Eisenmenger physiology.